Bases for pesticide dose expression and adjustment in 3D crops and comparison of decision support systems

Authorities around the world have committed to limiting use of chemical pesticides by reducing doses, among other strategies. Nevertheless, different dose expression models and decision support systems (DSSs) for adjustment coexist high growing crops (3D crops). Among them, leaf wall area (LWA) tree row volume (TRV) recently been proposed European Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) pre-registration trials. In this paper, background technical bases six DSSs in fruit (PACE, AGMET, DOSA3D, OMAX PULVARBO) four grape orchards (AGMET, OPTIDOSE, DOSAVIÑA DOSA3D) are described compared. The discussion leads conclusion that LWA TRV represents a substantial improvement compared former crop ground area-based model. However, total is most important parameter adjustment, while sprayer efficiency also key factor. Additionally, it suggested deposition on leaves (mean values variability) should be reported pesticide efficacy evaluations order establish required doses independently from mode. DOSA3D system, based index estimation, was found conservative DSS regarding spraying ratio because low efficiencies considered. Instead, AGMET effective adjustment. despite differences between recommendations, all analysed useful tools rational making about rate at national level. Their promoted competent authorities.